The Politics of International Economic Relations

The Politics of International E - Spero-2

该书全英文版本 请联系QQ:41806229

20150826065006399

The Politics of International
 Economic Relations
 
SEVENTH EDITION
JOAN EDELMAN SPERO The Doris Duke Charitable Foundation
JEFFREY A. HART Indiana University

Contents
 
PREFACE xv
 ABOUT THE AUTHORS xvii
 
PART I An Overview
1  From Management to Governance in International
 Economic Relations 1
 Bretton Woods 1  Interdependence 4  Globalization 7  Conclusion 10 
PART II The Western System
2  Governing the International Monetary System 12
 The Bretton Woods System 14  The Original Bretton Woods System 14
 U.S. Leadership 16
 Multilateral Management Under U.S. Leadership 17
 From Bretton Woods to Interdependence 20  Financial Interdependence and Pluralism 20
 The Nixon Shock and the Emergence of Floating Exchange
 Rates 24
 Petrodollar Recycling 25
 
vii
 
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 
 
   
      
     
    
        
 
    
    
 
  
    
       
    
   
       
 
     
    
   
       
  
 
    
    
   
   
 
    
   
   
   
   
   
   
 
 
viii CONTENTS
Interdependence 28  Growing Financial Interdependence 28
 Liquidity: The Problem of the Dollar 29
 Adjustment Under Floating Exchange Rates 30
 Stability and Crisis Management 35
 Europe’s Efforts to Build a Regional Monetary System 40
 Globalization 42  Globalization of Financial Markets 42
 Economic and Monetary Union 46
 Adjustment 48
 Crisis Management 53  Regional or Country-Based Crises 54
 Crises Involving Banks and Other Financial Institutions 58
 The Subprime Mortgage Crisis 59
 Preventing Future Crises 61
 Global Monetary Governance in the Twenty-First Century 62 
3 International Trade and Domestic Politics 72
 The Bretton Woods System 73  The Havana Charter 73
 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 74
 U.S. Leadership 76
 Interdependence 79  Structural Change and Protectionism 79
 An Old Issue: Agriculture 92
 The New Protectionism 93
 The Tokyo Round 96
 Globalization 98  New Forms of Trade 98
 The New Regionalism 100
 The Uruguay Round 102
 The Marrakesh Agreement 105
 New Trade Challenges 107
 Shifting Power Relationships 110
 The Doha Round 113
 Conclusions 115 
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 
     
 
    
       
      
        
  
   
   
   
  
   
      
     
     
   
      
      
      
  
  
  
    
     
    
   
     
 
 
    
      
  
     
      
  
     
     
 
CONTENTS ix
4  The Multinational Corporation and Global
 Governance 128
 Common Characteristics of MNCs 130  Trends in FDI and Other MNC Activities 135  Explaining the Growth in MNC Activity 141  Horizontal and Vertical FDI and the KK Model 141
 Internalization Theory 142
 The OLI Model 143
 Product Cycle Theory 143
 Obsolescing Bargain Theory 143
 Oligopoly Theory 144
 The Tariff-Jumping Hypothesis 145
 The Importance of the Home Country 145
 The Consequences of MNC Activity 146  Possible Negative Effects of MNCs 148
 National Economic Control 150
 Interference by Home Governments of Multinationals 153
 Multinationals and the National Political Process 155
 International Regimes for Foreign Direct Investment 157  National Governance 158
 Regional Governance 166
 International Governance 169
 Governance in the OECD 170
 Governance in the United Nations 172
 Bilateral and Minilateral Governance 173
 International Investment Agreements 173
 The Multilateral Agreement on Investment 174
 Conclusions 175 
PART III The North–South System
5  The North–South System and the Possibility
 of Change 188
 Liberal Theories of Economic Development 193  Marxist and Neo-Marxist Theories of Development 194  The Structuralists 195  Contrasting Marxist and Structuralist Perspectives 197  Weaknesses of the Three Perspectives 198 
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 
 
 
 
 
     
     
    
       
   
       
       
    
       
      
   
  
 
  
     
    
       
      
   
     
      
 
    
       
  
       
   
      
      
 
  
     
       
   
 
x CONTENTS
Dependence 201  Confrontation 202  Globalization 204 
6 Financial Flows to Developing Countries 212
 Bretton Woods and Foreign AID 213  The Original Bretton Woods 213
 The Link Between Aid and Foreign Policy 213
 Stagnation of Aid 215
 Financial Flows in the Era of Interdependence 217  Confrontation and the New International Economic Order 217
 Privatization of Financial Flows 219
 The Decline of Aid in the 1980s 221
 The Debt Crisis of the 1980s 224
 Debt Crisis Management 228
 Debt Fatigue 230
 Globalization 232  Emerging Markets 232
 Financial Crises of the 1990s 233
 Common Causes, Distinct Consequences 239
 Financial Flows to the Poorest Developing Countries 240
 Financial Flows in the Twenty-First Century 241
 Millennium Development Goals 243
 The Impact of Financial Flows 245
 Conclusion: The Future of Financial Flows 248
 
7 Trade and Development Strategies 257
 Bretton Woods: Isolation from the Trading Order 257  Import Substitution 257
 Trade Expansion and Declining Terms of Trade 259
 Unity and Confrontation 262
 Interdependence: Strategies to Increase Southern Power 265  Commodity Power and the New International Economic
 Order 265
 Export-Led Growth 268
 Theoretical Controversies over Export-Led Growth 272
 New Pressures for Protection in North–South Trade 273
 The New Pragmatism 275
 
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
  

 
    
   
     
   
      
 
     
         
    
        
 
        
 
          
 
         
 
      
 
 
        
   
   
 
      
   
     
     
 
  
  
  
    
   
 
      
   
         
 
CONTENTS xi
8
9
 
Globalization: Joining the Trade Regime 277  The Uruguay Round 277
 The Rise of the BRICs 280
 The Doha Round 282
 North–South Trade in the Twenty-First Century 287
 
Multinational Corporations in the Third World 298
 The Role of MNCs and FDI in the South 299  Bargaining for Greater Control 303
 Political Factors that Influence the Location of Foreign Direct
 Investment 305
 Arguments about the Positive Impact of MNCs on Economic
 Development 306
 Criticisms of the Role of MNCs in Economic Development in the
 1970s 308
 The Economic Impact of MNCs in the Developing World: Empirical
 Evidence 310
 Interference by MNCs in National Politics: Empirical
 Evidence 311
 Interdependence 312  Regulation of Inflows of Foreign Investment by Developing Countries
 in the 1970s 312
 The New Pragmatism 317
 Globalization 322  The Rise of International Production Networks 323
 Third World MNCs 324
 MNCs and the Antiglobalization Movement 325
 The Future: Cooperation or Conflict? 328
 
Oil and Politics 338
 Corporate Oligopoly 340  Seven Sisters 340
 Decline of the Oligopoly 342
 The OPEC System 343  Negotiation 343
 The First Oil Crisis: Unilateral Power 344
 Stable OPEC Management 346
 The Second Oil Crisis: A System Out of Control 349
 
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
 
 
   
      
   
   
   
     
         
 
     
    
    
  
 
         
      
 
   
       
   
      
      
     
    
    
     
    
        
 
    
       
       
     
 
    
    
       
 
 
xii CONTENTS
Other OPECs? 350  OPEC in Decline 355  The Impact of Higher Oil Prices 355
 Oil Price Wars 359
 Era of Globalization 361  The Gulf War 361
 Oil in the Caspian Region 363
 Changing Economics of Oil at the End of the Twentieth  Century 365  Oil in the Twenty-First Century 368  Rising Price of Oil 368
 The War in Iraq 372
 Looking Ahead 373
 
PART IV Implications of the End of the Cold War
10  East–West Economic Relations: From Isolation to
 Integration 378
 The Cold War 379  The Creation of an Eastern Economic Bloc 379
 Western Economic Warfare 381
 The Collapse of the Communist System 384  Forces of Change in the East 384
 Gorbachev’s Economic and Political Reforms 388
 The Failure of Perestroika 390  From Communism to Capitalism 392  Problems of Transition from Communism 392
 Yeltsin: Crisis and Reform 393
 Russian Foreign Economic Policies under Yeltsin and the West’s
 Response 396
 The Crisis of 1998 397
 Domestic Economic Policies of the Putin Regime 398
 International Economic Relations in the Putin Era 400
 Economic Reform in Eastern Europe 401
 China 405  Cold War and Isolation 405
 Deng Xiaoping’s Economic Reforms 408
 China: Regional Power or Global Economic Superpower? 415
 Conclusion 415 
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.